“Spellbound” a Cinematic Representation of Psychoanalysis Free Essays

The film â€Å"Spellbound†, coordinated by Alfred Hitchcock, envelops a few Freudian ideas showed in the characters; including amnesia, blame complex, constraint, and psychopathology. Analysis is a significant component of the film and is utilized in the quest for â€Å"truth†; the â€Å"truth† being what befallen the genuine Dr. Edwards. We will compose a custom paper test on â€Å"Spellbound† a Cinematic Representation of Psychoanalysis or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Likewise, dream work is a significant device utilized in the film to reveal the â€Å"truth†. Despite the fact that â€Å"Spellbound† has a few characters that encapsulate Freudian ideas, I accept the four principle characters are generally significant. John Ballantyne embodies amnesia, blame complex, and restraint; Dr. Constance Peterson speaks to the procedure of therapy; Dr. Burlov is a delineation of Freud; and Dr. Murchison passes on Psychopathology. The film, â€Å"Spellbound†, starts in the setting of green houses, a psychological refuge. The top of the office, Dr. Murchison, is resigning and a well known specialist, Dr. Edwards, is to have his spot. Not long after â€Å"Dr. Edwards† shows up another therapist, Dr. Constance Peterson, finds that the man professing to be â€Å"Dr. Edwards† is a faker. This sham is experiencing a blame complex which makes him be an amnesiac. In this way starts the quest for â€Å"truth†, utilizing therapy, to reveal who the sham is and what befell the genuine Dr. Edwards. We discover that the fraud is John Ballantyne, a patient of Dr. Edwards, and an amnesiac; which is the reason he accepts he is Dr. Edwards in the start of the film. John Ballantyne’s amnesia is identified with the blame complex from which he is languishing. We realize that Ballantyne encountered a horrendous accident, this activated suppression of memory, carrying cognizant truth to the oblivious to shield the brain from the injury; this caused his amnesia. Dr. Constance Peterson accepts that by utilizing therapy she can take advantage of Ballantyne’s mnemic follow, or oblivious memory, and reveal the Primal scene. The basic scene being the injury that Ballantyne endured. Dr. Peterson and Ballantyne set out on an excursion, avoiding the specialists, to address the topic of what befell the genuine Dr. Edwards. Dr. Constance Peterson, depicting the procedure of analysis, is obviously coached by Dr. Burlov who is a portrayal of Freud; both tastefully and adroitly. Dr. Peterson brings Ballantyne to Dr. Burlov to help reveal the previously mentioned base scene. This part of the film incorporates all parts of Psychoanalysis. Ballantyne, experiencing amnesia because of his blame complex and constraint, is investigated by Burlov in a couple of ways. First Burlov utilizes transference, saying, â€Å"I’m going to be your dad image†, at that point he utilizes free affiliation, asking Ballantyne, â€Å"Whatever comes into your head simply state what it is†. When Ballantyne has no reaction Burlov goes to dream work saying, â€Å"maybe you envisioned something? † This examination of Ballantyne’s dream, or dream work, is a fundamental scene of the film. The fantasy grouping, structured by Salvador Dali, contains a few images; these images imply reality which is covered in Ballantyne’s oblivious. Freud accepted that fantasies were the association with the oblivious, and taking advantage of it could calm somebody of their mental sufferings. The most significant images are the whiskery man, the owner, the inclining rooftop, the wings, and the wheel. The unshaven man is Dr. Edwards. The inclining rooftop represents a mountain. Dr. Peterson and Burlov conclude that the injury happened at a ski resort. The imagery of the wings and slanting rooftop gives them the name of the retreat, Gabriel Valley. Constance, Ballantyne, and Burlov go to Gabriel Valley to trigger memory. Ballantyne abruptly recalls that at the base of the slope there is a bluff, over which Dr. Edwards fell. It is additionally uncovered that Ballantyne’s genuine basic scene isn't the injury of Dr. Edwards’ passing. His actual basic scene is the remembered memory of sliding down a rail and coincidentally executing his sibling, this is the underlying injury that causes his blame complex, which is the reason he was a patient of Dr. Edwards. When Dr. Edwards’ body is revealed it is found that he didn't bite the dust from the fall, however from a shot. Ballantyne is condemned and imprisoned. This doesn't agree with Constance. She investigates her notes on Ballantyne’s dream and understands that the owner is Dr. Murchison, the stack he holed up behind was a tree, and the wheel is a gun which he used to murder Dr. Edwards. Dr. Murchison is plainly a case of psychopathology. Taking everything into account, Hitchcock’s â€Å"Spellbound† is a realistic portrayal of numerous Freudian ideas, for example, analysis, dream work, and blame complex. The characters epitomize these ideas. The quest for â€Å"truth† is a significant component of the film; this is likewise the situation in analysis, which is utilized to reveal quelled recollections; or the â€Å"truth†. The most effective method to refer to â€Å"Spellbound† a Cinematic Representation of Psychoanalysis, Essay models

Conflict analysis of Israel Palestine Research Paper

Struggle investigation of Israel Palestine - Research Paper Example Then again, the Hebrews alluded to A palestinian area as the place where there is Israel. Along these lines, it settled on the choice of the Zionist be dangerous in nature. In late 1930, the UN Partition plan and Peel Partition Plan reclassified the regional area of the Jews and proposed the foundation of a Jewish state in Palestine. The Zionist assumed control over the best Coastal and Valley territories estranging the indigenous Arab individuals. For this situation, Jesrusalem, Judea and Samaria were bound together to turn into the West Bank. The Arab individuals dismissed the UN Partition plan in 1947 and thought about Zionist as a danger to their kin. This is on the grounds that the arrangement offered power to Palestine to take more than 75 percent of the Arab state making the Arabs to become exiles in the neighboring state Israel. This made an outcast issue in Israel more than three decades, however another political condition was framed in the 1967 and the late 1980’s w ar (Hunnicutt 2011). Palestinians had would not react to any official or discretionary connection with Israel. This prompted increasingly Jewish settlements in Israel prompting the contention among Palestinians and Israelites. This paper investigates the primary clash between the two countries; Palestine and Israel. During late 1940’s and 1960’s, clashes caused Palestinians to flee to intentionally while others had to clear. They were moved to flanking nations and hence ended up being exiles. An expected 4 million Palestinians are displaced people, and a large portion of these asylums live in camps in the Gaza Strip, Syria, West Bank and Lebanon. The evacuees get help from the United Nations and different bodies and individual willing for help (Faruqi 2011). Despite the fact that the Palestinians didn't have a military in Palestine right now, rockets were terminated on an as often as possible from Gaza making a beeline for Israel. Consequently, the Israelis who lived in the

Discuss the implications of your interpretation for social justice Essay

Talk about the ramifications of your understanding for social equity - Essay Example This is a graph which tells the watcher that there isn't a lot of progress in exceptionally poor socioeconomics, and that neediness is by all accounts a cycle that keeps family units in low earnings at levels of low chance to change salaries. Considering how this graph identifies with social equity, one can consider different hypothetical and viable estimates that can create to take care of the issue of pay difference and of the poor staying poor, locally. There are numerous strategies to utilize, going from class-battle hypothesis to the more reasonable utilization of salary inconstancy backing and fundamental conveyance of access to approach training from private and open substances. Support on the issue of value inside an all inclusive and adjusted instructive framework not founded on property charge rates, could be created to battle for social equity on a focused on and explicit level by growing the meaning of the issue to concentrate on the individuals who are living in ruined circumstances. Social equity backing could analyze advancement dependent on availability, the pattern of neediness, and regard for the nearby level in inspecting the issues on an arrangement level also It is critical to move toward the issue of poverty’s propagation straightforwardly rather by implication, however adequately, by examining speculation patterns and posing unanswered inquiries, following an estimation of where the cash goes as far as the populaces who appear to require it most. Others portray the pattern of neediness all the more legitimately, not simply in spur of the moment terms covered inside a diagram that is fundamentally about bringing in cash, however as an immediate investigation of ruined territories that depends widely on past examinations and tries to build up segment designs. In spite of the fact that these two points of view are fundamentally discussing something very similar regarding separation, the methodology utilized by various techniques for introduction is shifted. By and large, in any case, those in low pay territories have generally experienced troubles in

What is Macro Environment Essay Example

What is Macro Environment? Paper The full scale condition comprises of bigger cultural powers that influence whole small scale condition. The six powers making up the companys large scale condition incorporate segment, monetary, regular, mechanical, political/lawful, and social-social powers. Organizations should continually watch and adjust to the advertising condition so as to look for circumstances and avoid dangers. The advertising condition includes all the entertainers and powers affecting the companys capacity to execute business adequately with its objective market (Armstrong and Kettle 2003, p. 149). In this report, use PEST to dissect large scale condition powers how to affect on PepsiCo in China. As we probably am aware, the PepsiCo was the primary U. S. Organization to disperse its items in China after China execute change and opening up approach in 1979. Through numerous years business activity in China, the organization completely comprehends their advancement worldwide must adjust Chinas full scale natural different powers and should incorporate their restriction system Think nearby, Act neighborhood. In this report, by genuine investigation and writing survey, with allude to important books, diaries, search data from web. As indicated by Kettle and Keller (2005), in the segment condition, arresters must know about overall populace development, changing blends old enough, ethnic organization, instructive levels and the transition to micromanaging and away from mass promoting. In the monetary field, advertisers need to concentrate on salary circulation and levels of investment funds, obligation, and credit accessibility. In the social-social field, advertisers must comprehend people groups perspectives on themselves, associations, society, nature and the universe. We will compose a custom article test on What is Macro Environment? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on What is Macro Environment? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on What is Macro Environment? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer They should advertise items that relate to societys center and auxiliary qualities, and address the requirements of various subcultures inside a general public. In the tartar condition, advertisers should know about crude materials deficiencies, expanded vitality expenses and contamination levels, and the changing job of governments in natural security. In the mechanical field, advertisers should assess the quickening pace of mechanical change for advancement, differing RD financial plans, and the expanded administrative guideline realized by innovative change. At last, in the political-lawful condition, advertisers must work inside the numerous laws managing strategic approaches and with different specific vested parties. In this report, use PEST to break down full scale condition powers how to affect n PepsiCo in China will be introduced. Through numerous years business activity in China, the organization comprehends their advancement worldwide must adjust Chinese large scale natural different powers and should incorporate their limitation methodology Think neighborhood, Act nearby. Organization PROFILE PepsiCo was established in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropical was obtained in 1998 and PepsiCo converged with The Quaker Oats Company, including Storage, in 2001. PepsiCo is a world head in helpful nourishments and drinks, with 2006 incomes of more than $35 billion ND 1 68,000 workers. PepsiCo nearness in China goes back to the previous days of the countries changes. In 1981, Pepsi-Cola got one of the principal American speculators in China by consenting to an arrangement with the Chinese government to manufacture a packaging plant in Sheehan. Until this point in time, PepsiCo has built up in excess of 40 joint or entirely possessed endeavors in China with a complete speculation over IIS$I billion, straightforwardly utilizing 10,000 staff (Official site of PepsiCo). Full scale ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ON MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF PEPSICO In examining the full scale condition, it is imperative to recognize the elements that eight thusly influence various fundamental factors that are probably going to impact the associations gracefully and request levels and its expenses. A PEST investigation is one of them that is just a system that arranges ecological impacts as political/legitimate, monetary, social/social and mechanical powers. Such outer factors for the most part are past the organizations control and in some cases present themselves as dangers. Use PEST device to examination full scale condition impact on PepsiCo in China is important. ;The political-lawful condition Before you play the game, get familiar with the standards. Some representatives show a vital absence of information about business sectors bothers political-legitimate condition. Obliviousness of or resistance with laws, mandates, and guidelines can prompt fines, humiliating negative exposure, and conceivably costly polite harm suits. As a remote organization, PepsiCo plan to put resources into Chinas refreshment industry which is firmly controlled and subject to government endorsement. As per Chinese governments guideline, another packaging plant signal reemergence requires around three-year sit tight for government endorsement, and concentrate creation volume must be re-approved every year. Also, PepsiCo has a worldwide technique of TV publicizing, PepsiCo has included everything from Chinese zodiac creatures to Spring Festival couplets in its TV ads. This methodology, joined with generally long promoting history in the nation has made Pepsi Cola the most perceived soda pop brand in China. Be that as it may, governments approach and guideline can likewise affect on the companys showcase procedure. Being a socialist nation, in China, despite the fact that individuals currently are a lot of liberated from articulation in conventional life, there is still no free media. The media is still exceptionally constrained by the overspent and there is consistently the danger of having more guidelines particularly to outsiders. The financial condition The wellbeing of the economy impacts how much customers spend and what they purchase. Buyer purchasing assumes a significant job in the economys wellbeing to be sure, shopper expenses make up some 66% of by and large monetary action. As indicated by Boone and Kurt (n. D. ), monetary condition comprises of those elements that impact purchaser purchasing force and showcasing procedures. They incorporate the phase of business cycle, expansion, joblessness, asset accessibility, and salary. As we probably am aware, Chinas economy developed at a normal pace of 10% every year during the period 1990-2006, the most elevated development rate on the planet. Be that as it may, Chinese swelling ran at 5. % for the second successive month in August in 2006, as per official figures. PepsiCo has just met incredible test since expansion is a general ascent in cost bringing about diminished buying power. Swelling will expand the companys costs like cost to buy materials for creation, and may prompt declining deals. Advertisers of PepsiCo saw obviously that expansion will make customers respond in two different ways: 1). Decline their image reliability. In an ongoing exploration, most Chinese shoppers are eager to utilize less expensive brand, and trustworthiness, since it works similarly too. ). Stickup. Numerous buyers exploit coupons and deals to load up (Hair et al. 1992, p. 52). Moreover, pay is another significant factor in marketings monetary condition since it impacts purchaser purchasing power. The cost of the item must be reasonable anyway there ought to be a superior that shoppers are eager to pay for the medical advantage just as for the cutting edge and higher status picture it will offer. The hazard here is to flop in selling the alee of the item and to set the premium to be higher than shoppers are happy to pay. The social-social condition Component of the advertising condition comprising of the connection between the advertiser, society, and its way of life. Working together in China effectively requires a comprehension of China as a country and of the way of life of the Chinese individuals. A societys culture decides how it individuals impart and collaborate with one another (Griffin Pastas 2003, p. 85). A countries culture can affect on outside countrys items and administration. In China, numerous individuals are exceptionally keen on soda pops. An aftereffect of this has been developing paces of weight both Chinese grown-ups and kids. Because of Chinese culture, it is essential that what they drink offers a few advantages to their wellbeing. These days, an ever increasing number of Chinese individuals have as of now focus on weight issue. In the event that soda pops can not think about sound, albeit expanding their piece of the pie, this is the hazard the PepsiCo need to confront. Furthermore, a comprehension of the social practices in both the business and social conditions is fundamental for being effective while working with Chinese organizations (Patchworks LLC. 003). At first when PepsiCo went into Chinese market, the organization has just lost some business openings in China since they expected the Chinese individuals do it my way. The Chinese culture is for some time set up and doesn't adjust rapidly. For instance, doing any business in China will require exchange of agreements, costs, and terms, and so forth. The exchange procedure in China, contrasted with Western gauges, will be moderate and intentional. One trouble in arrangement with Chinese organizations is realizing what implies no. Socially, saying no legitimately is viewed as discourteous and unsuitable. Commonly when the organization hears we will think about it, it truly implies no. ;The mechanical condition The innovative condition speaks to the application to promoting of information dependent on revelations in science, creations, and advancements. Significant improvements in innovation can have huge promoting suggestions since they can radically modify businesses. In spite of the mechanical guarantee of this new item, the improvement phase of such developments is long and c

Suitcase Industry Analysis

Bag Industry Analysis Nowadays, numerous individuals like voyaging. At the point when they travel to different urban areas or different nations, they should bring their baggage. They put their material, shoes, restorative, charges and a great deal of things that you can envision into their baggage. Thus, baggage has become the most significant thing in our voyaging. From wooden gear to cortical baggage, from old to current, from president to everyday citizens, they all need baggage. Increasingly more Chinese gear organizations become OEM. They produce their organization to some enormous brands such Samsonite, American Tourister, Tumi and etc.Certainly, some of organizations have their own brands and sell them in China and outside nations. This report is centered around the Chinese gear organizations. From the substance that I referenced above, progressively Chinese baggage organizations are OEM. In this way, the brands of the organizations are new to conclusive clients. An ever incre asing number of organizations are little and medium-sized endeavors and just a couple of them are huge scope undertakings. Contrasting and the presentation stage and development stage, China gear organizations don’t have a solid increment. Also, they are stable.From the information, we can find that the fare volume doesn’t have a major change with the exception of the money related emergency period. In this way, we can without much of a stretch find that it isn't in the expanding stage. At that point, contrasting and the presentation stage and development stage, Chinese baggage industry didn’t show up the immersed circumstance in light of the fact that numerous Chinese businessperson are going into industry. They need to get an enormous benefit from this industry. What's more, in any event, for some enormous scope organizations, they despite everything have numerous contenders in the mean time the cost of similar items has some fluctuation.So, it is handily disc overed that it isn't in development stage. At long last, contrasting and the decrease stage, it is clearly demonstrated that it isn't in the decay stage in light of the fact that the deal and benefits in this industry doesn’t has any decrease. After the correlation, Chinese baggage industry is in the presentation stage. This industry rose after change and open. It additionally has far to walk. Worldwide monetary recuperation may bring another opportunity for Chinese organizations to have preferred execution over previously.

Welcome, October Busyness!

Welcome, October Busyness! I cannot believe that October has already started! Things are moving quickly because Ive been having a lot of fun with all of the things that I get to do, even if theyre hard. I think that the middle of the semester is an important time to remember to enjoy yourself, as things can get really busy and stressful if you dont plan ahead. I know that I have several exams that I am preparing for, and things to write. However, Ive really tried to make sure to give myself enough time to work on everything, and make sure to enjoy myself, and spend time with others, in between. I think that a good example of this is my internship. Because of my internship, I have additional deadlines, places to be, and things to do. However, Ive really loved my internship, as the work is super interesting, and provides a nice change of pace from normal school work. Usually, after Ive been at my internship, I return to my work feeling more motivated than before. Hope everybody continues to have fun! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Inflation Effecting Stock Market Prices Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This paper explains why the nominal level of share prices has failed to rise during a decade of substantial inflation. Many researches were conducted to demonstrate and explain the relationship between inflation and stocks returns and price earnings ratios. However this study is to look at how inflation impacts the overall stock market. This study is concerned with the structural relationship between stock market and the inflation. This paper explains why the nominal level of share prices has failed to rise during a decade of substantial inflation. The key to the explanation is the features of the current U.S. tax laws, especially historic cost depreciation and the taxation of nominal capital gains that cause the effective rate of tax or corporate source income to rise when there is a higher rate of inflation. The current analysis shows that to understand the structural relation between inflation and share prices it is crucial to note that a high 9on~tant rate of inflation leaves the price-earnings ratio unchanged while an increase in the rate of inflation depresses the price-earnings ratio. The higher nominal interest rates that accompany inflation actually represent lower real net-of-tax yields on alternative assets for most investors. The current analysis takes this into account in determining the share price. The main focus of the paper uses a stock valuation model to derive the share demands of investors in different tax situations and then calculates the share value that achieves market equilibrium. Numerical calculations illustrate the analysis with a representative individual and a representative tax-exempt institutional investor. In this paper the analysis was conducted in the following area and then overall conclusion was drawn. 1) The effect of inflation on the demand prices of the shares. 2) A Market Equilibrium Model of Share Valuation. 3) Inflation and the Market Equilibrium Share Value. After analysis the conclusion was that the higher rate of inflation causes a significant reduction in the ratio of share prices to real earnings per share. From equilibrium analysis it was also observed that the ratio of share prices to real earnings is capable to fall if the demand price of each share for some individuals is in reality increased by the effect of inflation. The Adjustment of Stock Prices to Information about Inflation The paper analyzes how stock prices behave in response to the news about Inflation. Relationship between inflation and common stock return is studied widely by researchers. For instance Nelson, Bodie, Jaffe and Mandelker and Fama and Schwert they all represent an evidence that there is negative relationship between the stock prices and both the unexpected and expected inflation rate since 1953 they all used monthly returns of broad group of the New York Stock Exchange common stock. The basic idea of this paper is actually extension of the previous studies. The researcher extended the previous idea and modified it by using the daily returns of the common stocks and taking in consideration both the announcement of CPI inflation rate increase and decrease. If the unexpected inflation is bad news for the stock market, and if the announcement of CPI contains new information about inflation, if the unexpected inflation news is regarding increase of inflation rate than this news will be associated with the decrease of stock price, if the unexpected inflation news is about the deflation than the news will be associated with the increase of the stock prices. If the monthly data is used than there is a lag of more than a month between the data is collected and the actual CPI is announced to the general public. The researcher used the daily common stock returns in order to test whether the stock market reacts at the time the when the actual CPI is announced or at the time when the price data is being collected, if there is any kind of reaction. Methodologies which were used by researchers varied from researcher or researcher, different models were used by different researchers to predict the unexpected inflation these models include: Nelson and Bodie used extrapolative time series model to predict inflation. Jaffe and Mandelker and Fama and Schwert followed Fama using short-term interest rate as a predictor of inflation. The researcher used Famas model to measure the unexpected inflation for the purpose of this study. For the assurance that the results are not distorted due to the choice of the model which is used all the tests are replicated again and using time series model to estimate the unexpected inflation. For the purpose of this research the data which is used is the daily returns of Standards and Poors composite portfolio from the year 1953 to year 1978. Variables of the model which was used are given below: The daily continuously compounded rate of return on Standard and Poors composite portfolio Dummy variable for the day of the week. Monthly Treasury bill rate measured at the end of the month. Measure of expected inflation rate using Famas model The announcement date of unexpected inflation rate. The findings of the paper remained that the stock market do reacts to the unexpected inflation when the CPI is actually announced; one of the strange findings was that the stock market do not react to the unexpected inflation when actually CPI is sampled, in reality several weeks before the announcement of that results to the general public. The finding remained that the stock market reacts to the information but not to the actual increase in inflation when actually this is happening. The Effects of Inflation News on High Frequency Stock Returns July 1999 The paper examines how stocks respond to unanticipated news regarding macroeconomic conditions i.e. Inflation. There are four basic questions to be answered by findings of the research the four questions are: Does news about inflation impacts stock return. Reasons behind weak link between stocks and CPI news. Reasons for insignificant link between small stock and PPI Inflation news. What is the intensity of response to the inflation news? The theoretical and empirical models which are used to answer these questions are based upon the idea that stock prices are influenced by economic announcements like if the new information affects the either the expected dividends or the expected discount rates, or the both. The new information is the difference between announced value of the inflation at t+1 time and the anticipated value of inflation at time t. in early times many researches were done on this area but in this paper the data which is used to analyze is based on monthly expected and actual inflation. In prior studies the daily data was used. The sample data for Producer Price Index (PPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are used from January 1983 to December 1995. The stock equally- weighted common stock portfolio returns are used which were created from Institute for the Study of Securities Markets (ISSM) Transactions Databases (years 1983 to 1992) and from the New York Stock Exchanges (NYSE) Trade and Quote (TAQ) database (years 1993 to 1995). Five different regressions were ran initially for knowing the coefficients of the variables after that the results were checked against the Null Hypothesis. PPI had negative correlation with the stock returns and the results for CPI are surprising that the relationship between CPI and the Stock Returns is statistically insignificant. The research mentioned that those who investigate the stock returns on daily return basis will miss the link between stocks and inflation. To test the impact of inflation on different sizes of the stock the researcher used the following methodology. The results were different for the different sizes of the stock the large stocks had more and clear response to the news regarding inflation as the size of the stock is reduced the link started becoming meaningless when the stock size is reduced to very low the relationship became insignificant and at extreme the signs which came were completely useless. The conclusion answered the questions of the researcher that there is strong relationship between the unanticipated inflation (news) and the intra-day stock returns. Yes there is strong relationship between Producer Price Index (PPI) news and the stock returns however there is weak relationship between Consumer Price Index (CPI) news and the stock returns. The relationship was of inverse and the relationship was significant for large stocks and insignificant for small stocks. Answer to the second question is that as PPI is forecasted and availability of PPI news, CPI news is less frequent and most of times it is not available there the link between CPI and stock returns is weak. The response of the stock to the news takes 15 minutes to respond to the news regarding inflation The Relationship between Stock Returns and Inflation In Four European Markets Summary This paper examined the effects of both expected and unexpected inflation on real stock returns for four different European countries i.e. France, Germany, Italy, and the U.K. The literature has the evidence that there exists a negative relationship between these two variables i.e. Inflation and real stock returns, as it is evidence from the studies of Nelson, Fama and Schwert. On the other side of the picture few researchers argued strong positive relationship between inflation and the nominal returns on the stock i.e. Boudoukh and Richardson. While at the same time the other researcher claimed: either no relationship Rapach (2002) or others evidenced a little relationship Shiller (1992). This is the summary of the literature which was mentioned in the paper. This paper examines the relationship between real stock returns and expected and expected inflation in four different European countries, however it is assumed that all the European markets are homogenous in nature. This paper is unique in the sense that it examines the relationship between both the expected and unexpected inflation. The technique which is used in this paper is also different from those which were used in the previous papers. Four different equations were used for different variables i.e. inflation, interest rate and economic growth, all these equations are estimated using the Box-Jenkins Methodology. First these parameters are estimated and then another equation is used to gauge the impact of these variables on real stock returns. The methodology which is used is to simultaneously estimation with full information maximum likelihood. Data which was used for this analysis is obtained from International Financial Statistics and OECD CD-ROM. Quarterly data was analyzed from the first quarter of 1975 to first quarter of 2001. Now the results portion of the paper: unexpected inflation and unexpected interest rates were statistically significant for three countries and had significant impact on real stock returns. France, Italy and U.K. are affected by both unexpected inflation and unexpected interest rates. The remaining variables had no significant impact on the real stock returns for these three countries. However in Germany none of the variables turned out to be significant. The summary of the findings is that the real stock return does not respond to expected inflation but they do respond to unexpected inflation. Inflation shocks have no impact on real stocks returns but stocks do respond to these shocks in the manner which were mentioned in the literature. Finally stock returns do not tend to respond to economic growth or even shocks to economic growth.