Literature Critique Antibiotic Trials for Coronary Heart Disease Lab Report

Literature Critique Antibiotic Trials for Coronary Heart Disease - Lab Report Example Myocardial Infection with Chlamydia) trial performed on 302 patients with ACS and seropositive for C. pneumoniae was conducted in USA. The patients were randomized to placebo or azithromycin 500 mg/ day for three days followed by 500mg/ week for three months. On the basis of the results of ACADEMIC trial in USA, Gupta etal designed a study with 60 patients in UK. These patients were survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) and elevated antibody titers against Chlamydia. Another trial called STAMINA (The South Thames trial of Antibiotics in Myocardial Infarction and unstable angina) (n=325) addressed both C.pneumoniae and H.pylori . Multiple drug therapy using amoxicillin (500mg/day) for H.pylori and azithromycin(500mg/day) for C.pneumoniae . both combined with metronidazole (400 mg twice a day )and omeperazole( 20mg twice a day )was administered to the patients. Follow up of this trial extended for one year. There were two more large and intermediate size trials made with randomized patient groups of ACS viz. AZACS and CLARIFY. AZACS (Azithromycin in acute coronary syndrome) This trial involved 1450 patients in Los Angeles and this trial recruited patients regardless of their serostatus for Chlamydia infection. treatment with azithromycin.was given for 5- days and duration of follow up was 6-months. Another trial CLARIFY (Clarithromycin in Acute Coronary syndrome patients in Finland) also studied the effect of antibiotic therapy on the secondary prevention of ACS on 148 patients. The patient selection criteria was subjects with acute non-Q-wave MI or unstable angina . These patients were randomized to blinded therapy with either clarithromycin or placebo for three months. The primary endpoint was composite of death, MI, or unstable...(Anderson & Muhlestein, 2004) Atherosclerosis is a disease of epidemic proportions in the western world. Hence a lot of studies have been directed towards this disease till date. Small pilot studies conducted showed a strong association of C. pneuminiae IgG antibody with clinical atherosclerosis. Morever, animal studies have demonstrated the ability of active infection with C. pneumoniae to stimulate or accelerate, and antibiotics to prevent, atherosclerosis ( Anderson & Muhlestein, 2004). and seropositivity to C.pneumoniae and randomized them to recive either placebo or 3 months of treatment with azithromycin (600mg/week).The primary endpoint was a composite of death, MI, hospitalization for unstable angina or need for repeat revascularization at 3 years. ANTIBIO (Antibiotic therapy after Acute Myocardial Infarction) trials examined treatment with roxithromycin (a macrolide antibiotic) versus placebo for 6 weeks in 872 patients with acute MI. In this case the study end point was death. The ISAR-3 (Intracoronary Stenting and Antibiotic Regimen 3) study investigated roxithromycin, an effective anti-chlamydia macrolide for the prevention of restonosis after coronary stent deployment.

Foundation of Business report about the Hairdressing firm called Essay

Foundation of Business report about the Hairdressing firm called Friends - Essay Example the role of David, this paper will make recommendations on how to optimize its overall functioning particularly in marketing, human resources, finances and operations. Friends, with their two hair salons, needs to focus on major marketing programs to revamp their declining fortunes. â€Å"Marketing provides the bridge between an opportunity and a purchase.† (Stapleton and Thomas). It should start with repositioning its hair salon business for the new generation market. With their aging and greying customer base, the potential to sell their services is minimized. â€Å"Retaining existing clients is a key to running your hair salon successfully but attracting new customers should be the aim of Friends hair dressing salon.† (bodycareblog.com) New age customers, the youth and the mid-aged market with their growing grooming consciousness, are the most lucrative market to tap into. The company needs to device appropriate and relevant marketing programs to capitalize on this high potential market. The remarketing should start with services they offer; then along with hairstyling they can offer some complementing beauty salon services. They should transform into a holistic hair styling and beauty care service, offering all hair and beauty service under one roof, which provides the real value for their money and conveniences for the customers. There are various marketing strategies that can be used to pull a large number of customers to the salon. Friends should increase the Ad spend, as it’s very critical to communicate their new positioning to the youth market. Also with competition closing in, the advertisements should be intensified. Advertising through magazines, direct mailing and the most important of all is time-investment. The most effective advertising options are magazines, brochures, or billboards with colorful, creative and attention grabbing content (bodycareblog.com). The company can distribute brochures in residential colonies, posh apartment, colleges,

Clamp and clamp stand Essay Example for Free

Clamp and clamp stand Essay In this project I am going to investigate rates of reaction of an indigestion tablet when added to hydrochloric acid. The variable I am going to use will be the temperature of the acid. (All background knowledge used in this project was taken from previous experience notes and experiments from work done in year nine) What are rates of reaction? The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a reactant is turned into the product. Chemical reactions can take place at very different rates (eg. explosions, rock formations). A rate is measured as: A change in something (eg.loss of mass/mass of gas given off) Divided by The time it takes to change/disappear Rates of reactions can be measured in two different ways: How fast reactants disappear How fast products appear Many factors affect rates of reaction:   Surface area The greater the surface area of a solid, the greater the area of the particles that is exposed and likely to collide with other particles, meaning more successful collisions can take place per second. Therefore reaction between acid and a finely powdered salt will take place faster than a reaction between the same acid and a lump of salt. Concentration of solutions The rate of a reaction increases as the concentration of the solution increases. This is because there are more solute particles to collide with a fixed volume of solvent particles. Therefore more successful collisions take place. The rate of a reaction is directly proportional to its concentration (i. e. as concentration doubles, rate doubles. ) (This is assuming that any reactions taking place are not exothermic and that no other variables are changed)   Temperature The rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases. This is because at a higher temperature the particles move around faster (due to heat energy being converted into kinetic energy) and have more chance of colliding with each other. Also, there is a greater chance of effective collisions. However, unlike concentration, this is not proportional. As the temperature begins to increase, the rate increases slowly, but as it gets higher the rate increases faster, creating a curved graph.   Catalysts Catalysts are substances which increase the rates of chemical reactions but are not used up or altered in any way altered themselves. They provide an alternative method of collision requiring less energy. (eg. enzymes in the body are natural catalysts). Pressure of Gases When the pressure of a gas is increased, the molecules have less space to move around in. This increase in concentration makes them collide more often. What is Collision Theory? Collision theory states that the more successful collisions per second there are, the higher the rate of reaction. In order for a collision to be successful (or effective) there needs to be enough energy, speed and strength to break the bonds in the colliding molecules. Collisions between molecules are stronger at higher temperatures. In an ineffective reaction, the molecules just rebound off each other. My Experiment I am going to investigate the relationship between rates of reaction and temperature. I chose temperature because it is easy to keep the concentration constant and from previous experiments I have noticed the graph has more points of interest than that of concentration (see page 2). I could do this in two different ways:   Measure how fast reactants disappear This can be measured either by weighing a solution before and after to check mass change, or by sight (for example seeing how long it takes before a cross under a cloudy solution is no longer visible. ) The latter is inaccurate and not easily measurable as human error plays too large a part. However, I could weigh the mixture before and afterwards   Measure how fast products appear This can be measured in many different ways, depending on the state of the product. If it is a gas, the gas can be collected and measured in a gas syringe. First, I need to look at the equations for the reactions of the active ingredients in the tablets with the acid. These active ingredients are: Magnesium Carbonate Calcium Carbonate Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate General Equation: These equations show that the final products are a metal salt, water and carbon dioxide. I can either measure the mass before and after adding the tablet to the hydrochloric acid or collect the gas given off. I chose to measure the gas (after my preliminary experiments see page 7) because:   I think this method can be modified to produce good results. Also in the preliminary experiments I worked out a good volume of gas to collect (see page 7). It does rely on human judgement (in starting and stopping the stopclock) but all other methods involving timing do also. Within this, there are two different ways that the gas given off can be measured:   I can measure how long it takes for the reaction to give off a fixed volume of gas.   I can see how much gas is given off in a certain time. I am going to use the first method, as I think that the stopclock will be more accurate than the gas syringe as I only want to measure the time to the nearest second. Also the gas syringe only has markings every for every 5cmi of gas given off, and therefore it would be easier to measure to a marking on the syringe. Prediction and Hypothesis. I predict that as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction will increase also. This is because at a higher temperature there is more heat energy to be converted into kinetic energy, making the particles move around faster. Faster moving particles have more chance of colliding with each other and the greater quantity of heat and energy means more effective collisions are created. As I wrote earlier (see page 2), a graph of temperature/rate should look like this: a. Because the two wouldnt mix at 0i C or less I have to start at a temperature above that. Therefore the graph wont go through the origin. b. To begin with the rate of reaction rises slowly. c. It increases faster as the temperature increases, giving a line which gets rapidly steeper. Plan NB. Although this is the final plan for the actual experiments, a lot of the volumes and other measurements werent worked out until the preliminary experiments were done (see pages 6, 7 and 8). In the preliminary experiment section I have specified the areas that I was investigating.   Get out equipment as specified.   Measure out 50cmi of hydrochloric acid (concentration 4mol/dmi ) into a conical flask using a burette. Measure the temperature of the solution and adjust it until it is the required temperature (by adding more cold/hot water into the beaker its in).   Make sure the gas syringe is back to 0.   Add two whole tablets to the solution, put the bung in and start the stopclock (or get someone else to start the stopclock).   Swirl the solution gently to aid the reaction. When 50cm i of gas has been collected stop the stopclock   Remove the bung from the conical flask to avoid too much gas being collected. Note the temperature and the time taken.   Repeat the experiment, and then do the same for six other temperatures. To ensure that this is a fair test, there should only be one variable, temperature. Therefore the temperature of the acid is the only thing that I should change. I should try to keep the volume of acid the same (by using a burette), keep the concentration of acid the same, only use whole tablets (to keep the surface area the same) and try to swirl the acid in the same way each time. Range and Readings Before the preliminary experiments I had decided to take six readings, all with repeats. These readings would have been either five or 10i C apart and would have ranged from approximately . During the preliminary experiments I investigated this further (see page 8), and revised this original method. However, I did realise beforehand that there were several different ways I could get temperatures of 50i C. I could use a Bunsen burner to heat the acid or I could stand the acid in a beaker full of boiling or hot water. The second method seemed the best because it was easily controllable, the temperature wouldnt rise too quickly, and you could also stand the acid in ice to cool it to 10i C. I didnt change this part of the method, as it seemed to work effectively. Equipment Use Conical flask. This will hold the hydrochloric acid and the tablets. It needs to have a bung in it and a tube with a bend in it which can be connected to the gas syringe, to stop any gas escaping during the reaction. As I am using two whole tablets, I dont need to have one with a particularly wide neck. Clamp and clamp stand These will hold the gas syringe at the correct height to connect to the conical flask. Gas syringe This will measure the volume of gas given off during the reaction, or the length of time it takes to give off a given volume of gas (50cmi ). It should measure to the nearest cmi. Burette This will be used to measure out 50cmiof hydrochloric acid accurately (it measures to half a cmi , and therefore is more accurate than for example a measuring cylinder. ) Thermometer This will be used to ensure the temperature is kept correct and constant leading up to the experiment. It measures to half a degree. Tub I will stand the conical flask in a tub full of hot water/ice which will bring the acid to the temperature needed. Stopclock This will time how long it takes to collect 50cmi of gas. This should be accurate to the nearest second. Diagram of Equipment Safety Certain safety precautions must be taken when using acids and other potentially harmful substances: Goggles must be worn to protect eyes. This is especially important as I am heating acid (although gently) and hot acid may spit before or during the reaction.   If there are spills with corrosive acids they must be cleaned up immediately and thoroughly to prevent accidents (for example slipping on acid), and any skin that comes into contact with the acid must be thoroughly washed. Hands should be washed anyway after using acid.   After my experiment I must make sure that everything is cleared away effectively. I must not leave any acid or other substances out to prevent it becoming a safety hazard.

Case study of the hybrid vehicle

Case study of the hybrid vehicle Alternative fuels are fuel that other than conventional fuel (fossil fuels or nuclear materials) used in energy-generated combustion such as biodiesel, hydrogen fuel, chemically stored electricity (hybrid), biomass and so on. Now there are many type of alternative transportation fuel in market. One of it is found out to be the hydrogen; however it is too expensive. So, instead, the automobile industry is embracing the idea of hybrid concept which switches between petrol and electricity. A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. Normally, such vehicles are powered by a combination of 2 energy sources: electricity and conventional fuel which mean combine a conventional ground propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy in automobiles. However, conventional vehicle like a battery electric vehicle without being hampered by range from a charging unit uses batteries charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems may have common subsystems or components. The major advantage of hybrid car over electric car is that the battery is recharge not from an external socket but from the vehicles gas-powered generator and from kinetic energy generated when the brakes are applied. The hybrid vehicle able to achieve greater fuel efficiency and lower emission than conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) resulting in less emission being generated. So, it contributes a lot to the environmental concern, as it reduces green house gasses, carbon emission. Besides, this high-tech low-emission vehicle can get over 60 miles/gallon (mpg), offering significant saving on fuel cost. In short, it is a better transportation choice for the sustainable development in future. Type of hybrid vehicle The electrical machine is designed to handle transient power variations and helps the engine to operate more constantly such that higher efficiency and lower tailpipe emissions can achieve. Many type of hybrid system exist in the engineering conceptual framework. Now many of them applied in the vehicle engine system. The following listed down few types of hybrid vehicle: 1. Series hybrid vehicles In a series hybrid vehicle, the internal combustion engine is not directly connected to the drive train at all; rather it powers an electrical generator instead. The advantage of this type of hybrid is the flexibility afforded by the lack of a mechanical link between the internal combustion engine and the wheels. Whilst, weakness of this system is that it require separate motor and generator portions which can be combined in some parallel hybrid engines; the combined efficiency of the motor and generator will be lower than that of a conventional transmission thereby offsetting the efficiency gains that might otherwise be realized. 2. Parallel Hybrid In a parallel hybrid the electric motor and the internal combustion engine are installed so that they can both individually or together power the vehicle (Wikipedia, 2010). They can be sub classified on the bases of the ratio of contribution to the motive power of the different component or portion. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmission replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator (Michael). 3. Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles A petroleum-electric hybrid normally uses internal combustion engines (gasoline or Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power electric motors. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmission replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid and Honda civic hybrid has this type of engines system. 4. Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV) This is a system that enables the battery of vehicle to recharge while the user drives. When the Battery Electric vehicle (BEV) establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel, it will trigger recharging mechanism. The BEVs batteries are recharged by this process on the highway and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. 5. Hybrid fuel (dual mode) Hybrid fuel vehicle is known as dual mode hybrid system which uses 2 or more different devices for propulsion, meaning the engine had the ability to use another fuel source to power the system except the electricity. This system contains not only 1 fuel and electricity but also another 1 or 2 back-up fuel in the system. There are many types of hybrid fuel used in different vehicle including dual mode bus, flexible-fuel vehicles, bi-fuel vehicle, modified fuel vehicle and motorized bicycle. The fuel used in this system range from hydrocarbon chained diesel (petroleum, ethanol, natural gas, gasoline and biobutanol) to vegetable oil. 6. Fluid power hybrid Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i.e. compressed air) drive units. The energy recovery rate is higher and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in EPA testing (Bruno, 2006). Under tests done by the EPA, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg-imp) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg-imp) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service with this technology. (Alex, L, 2006). The system has faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling and is cheaper than gas-electric hybrids, the accumulator size dictates total energy storage capacity and requires more space than a battery. (wikipedia, 2009) Degree of Hybridization A. Full Hybrid Electric Vehicles A full hybrid vehicle is the one that can run on just the engine, just the batteries or a combination of both. The Prius and Escape Hybrids are examples of this because both cars can be moved forward on battery alone. A large, high capacity battery pack is needed for battery only operation. These vehicles have a split power path that allows more flexibility in the drive train. To balance the forces from each portion, the vehicles use a differential style linkage between the engine and the motor connected to the head end of the transmission. B. Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles This type of hybrids use the engine for primary power, with a torque boosting electric motor connected to the conventional power train. The electric motor is essentially a very large motor which operates not only when the engine needs to be turned over, but also when the driver steps throttle pedal and require extra power. Assist hybrids differ fundamentally from full hybrids in that they cannot run on electric power alone. However since the amount of power needed is very small, the size of the battery system is relatively small. C. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles These are conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors; allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the engine is off, and the motor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy. The motor is used to run up the engine to operating speed before injecting any fuel. Many people do not consider these to be hybrids at all, and they do not achieve the fuel economy of full hybrid models. Case study on the Proton EMAS The first concept car, Proton EMAS, which is planned to be in production line soon (might be in 2011) makes Proton leading in front of others with the most high tech compact concept car design. This superb Electric Hybrid Car from Proton which has been designed by Italdesign and Engine Technology by Lotus and soon will be produced by Proton, local car manufacturer. The name, Emas, meaning gold in Malay, is the acronym for Eco Mobility Advanced Solutions. At the eightieth edition of the Geneva International Motor show (4-14 March 2010), Italdesign Giugiaro is introducing Emas, a family of low environmental impact cars that is set to revolutionize traditional segmentation in the car market. The design, created with the Malaysian manufacturer PROTON is based on a plug-in hybrid drive system designed with Lotus Engineering and was developed with the aim of optimizing the available on-board space and car access ergonomics. The prototype of Proton EMAS engine have different configuration that it might be conventional, hybrid with petrol engine, hybrid with natural gas engine or fully electric. Problem Statement: Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles emit carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon through their tailpipes. These gases result in global warming through green house gas effects and pollution which are harmful to both environment and lives. By the way, the prices of fossil fuels keep rising from time to time. There is a growing scientific consensus that increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions are changing the earths climate. Oil prices continue to sky rocket while tougher regulations and policies on permitted exhaust gases are being instituted in major cities of the world. These and some other related issues are compelling vehicle manufacturers to come up with fuel efficient vehicles. These types of vehicles are known as hybrid electric vehicles. Nowadays, the prices of petrol are continuously increased and this non-renewable energy is in critical level of shortages. The American petroleum institute estimated in 1999, the world will be completely run out of petroleum by 2062 to 2094. So, now more and more automobile industries are introduced many type of environmental friendly and petrol efficient car to reduced the usage of petrol and diesel. The significant of hybrid vehicle are increasingly important to the environmental sustainability. The trend of owning hybrid vehicle is very popular in western country since 1800s. However, the awareness of the green house effect to the climate change is still low among the Malaysian. Therefore, the hybrid vehicles until now still can not manage to gain attention of public and high market demand in Malaysia. Hybrid concept car had been introduced many years ago by Toyota Prius in Malaysia. But due to various factors, might be the expensive prices and technological problems cause the demand for this type of car is still low. Now, Proton launched a new series of Proton EMAS that follow hybrid concept. Will it be the next new generation wave that changes the Malaysian mindset in owning hybrid car? Since, Proton is the Malaysian owned local car manufacture, the prices of the hybrid car may lower compare to the Toyota Prius. The import tax and excise tax that applied on the stakeholder will considerably low compare to the Toyota Prius. So, will it be a better choice for Malaysian to have an environmental friendly car? Research question: 1, Is the introduction of the hybrid concept car to Malaysian bring a success. 2. How the hybrid concept in vehicle impact the environment and sustainable development in future. 2. What are the competitive advantages of the hybrid vehicle that difference from the other alternative fuels? Research Objective: 1. To investigate the respondents of society/public to the hybrid vehicle that had introduced. 2. To survey the effectiveness of the hybrid vehicle to the environmental concern. 3. To find out the way hybrid vehicle function correspondent to the sustainable development by comparing to other alternative fuels. Chapter 2: Literature Review 1) Market analysis on Hybrid vehicle 1. Assessing current vehicle performance and simulating the performance of hydrogen and hybrid cars Bent Sorensen, Roskilde University, Institute for Nature, Systems and Models; Energy, Environment and Climate group, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark This journal basically presented simulation study of the efficiency in transforming the energy input into transport works. The insight obtained in measure is compare with the result applying performance of fuel cell, electric vehicles and hybrid between the two. The author stated that: Some people are willing to spend more money on an inefficient car than on the most efficient ones offered in the marketplace, for reasons of biased advertising and the archaic notion that less efficient cars rank higher as status symbols. (Ben Sorensen, 2006). So, it means that the authors viewpoint is clear to panelize the market demand on the hybrid vehicle in future. 2. In the research of heather and Lester, 2002, they compare the 2nd generation of the 1st commercial hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) the Toyota Prius, to the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), the Toyota Corolla. They found out that the more expensive and complicated Prius has lower pollution and CO2 gas emission and better fuel economy than the Corolla. Besides, the Prius is not cost-effective in improving fuel economy or lowering emission. For the Prius to be more attractive, they suggest that the price of gasoline should be lower about 3 times than the present and the social value of abating tailpipe emission would have to be 14 times greater than conventional value. So, they concluded that the hybrid will not have significant sales unless fuel price raise several-ford or regulation mandated. AGREE 3. Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cells K. Sasaki*, M. Yokota, H. Nagayoshi, K. Kamisako In this paper, the utility of a hybrid car equipped with a gasoline engine, an electric motor and solar cells was evaluated. Though the capacities of the electric motor and batteries are half the size compared with conventional electric vehicles, it was confirmed that this car is sufficient for practical use. The total electric energy consumed in a day can be supplied by a 1.6 kW solar array which can be easily set on the roofs of common houses or parking lots. So, they concluded as such a hybrid car must contribute to depression of the air pollution in urban areas. (K. Sasaki, 1997) 4. Does the hybrid Toyota Prius lead to rebound effects? Analysis of size and number of cars previously owned by Swiss Prius buyers Peter de Haan *, Michel G. Mueller, Anja Peters Peter D.H et al (2006) in his analysis on the hybrid rebound effect found that the Toyota Prius 2 is indeed a product that effectively combines fuel efficiency and the satisfaction of consumer needs, and is successful in replacing daily-use vehicles and becoming the most used car in a household. Besides, they also confirm that hybrid vehicles like the Toyota Prius indeed have a positive effect on total CO2 emissions from road transport, and that rebound effects are not yet in sight. Then, they think that financial support for the purchase of hybrid vehicles seems to be a possible and valid environmental policy. Further progress in fuel-efficiency gains using hybrid powertrains is to be expected also. 2) Hybrid function in lowering emission 1. An Overview of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology, Michael O. Omoigui In the article, an overview of hybrid electric vehicle technology, Michael listed down variety of weakness and benefits of the hybrid vehicle to sustainable future. He also explained in details how the hybrid functions to lower emission and fuel economy. The article encapsulates factors that necessitate the development of hybrid electric vehicles, classifications of hybrid electric vehicles based on the arrangement of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor for traction. The types of batteries required and the use of power electronic converters for effective power processing and utilization in hybrid electric vehicle drive is covered. 2. Solutions reducing green house emission from US transportation David L. Greene, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Andreas Schafer, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY In this book, authors make the comparison between difference types of alternative fuel in term of reducing green house gases (GHG). The findings clearly showed that only hydrogen and electricity is a better alternative fuel to replaced fossil fuel in the next 15 years beyond. Although other alternative fuels could play a transition role, it is questionable whether the associated high investments and limited GHG emission reduction potential would justify large-scale shifts to any of these fuels. 3. Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Volume 1: Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, report, July 2007 In the report, the EPRI team aims to examine the greenhouse gas emissions and air quality impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The purpose of the program is to evaluate the nationwide environmental impacts of potentially large numbers of PHEVs over a time period of 2010 to 2050. The analysis showed the PHEVs adoption results in significant reduction in the consumption of petroleum fuels. They stated that in the Medium PHEV case, fuel savings were equivalent to 3.7 million barrels per day by 2050. 4. Government legislations on hybrid transportation 5. Malaysia Master Tax Guide 2009, 26th ed,, Veerinderjeet, S. Teoh B.K. 6. Policy instruments for environmental and natural resource management. Thomas Sterner Malaysian tax guide information stated that for application received by the ministry of finance from 30 August 2008 to 31 December 2010, franchise holder of hybrid car are given 100% exemption of import duty and 50% of exemption of excise duty for the new completely build-up (CBU) hybrid car subjected to certain criteria and condition. (Veerinderjeet, S. Teoh B.K., 2009). In condition, country like United State tightening standard of emission rate by Clean Air Act. By the way, in 1990, California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted a visionary scheme to progressively reduce emission requirement. This government reinforcement had successfully forced manufactures to sell vehicle that fulfill environmental criteria. (Thomas S.) Chapter 3: Methodology This research will conduct by using secondary sources collection, questionnaires and direct interviews to public and suppliers. 3.1 Secondary sources collection The main method of gathering information for this research is by collecting and analyzing secondary sources. Library searching is one of the ways to look for the books, journals, articles, media and press released, and so on. Besides, website (official website of Proton) and online databases (science world, science direct) also will be use to search for updated data. 3.2 Questionnaires Another way to find information for this research will be by surveying on the public viewpoint on the hybrid vehicle in various terms includes the performance, eco-friendly characteristics, cost effectiveness, petrol saving and so on. This will be done by giving questionnaires to the 100 selected people in UM includes students, lecturers, and staff. Then, the answer will be the quantitative data after analyzed and computed into figures and data. 3.3 Interview Interview will be done in 2 alternative ways to gather public opinions on the hybrid vehicle that had introduced. 1 is done to the selected society/public that play role to impact the car ownership decision. By interviewing, the factors that influent drivers to own a car will be found. So, the market demand for the hybrid car and the viewpoint of the public to the hybrid car will also revise. Then, another way of interview will be done with the Proton manufacturer, Proton Holding Sdn Bhd to get 1st hand information on the Proton EMAS car. However, this can only carry out with approval from the Proton behalf and act as a supportive way to the other research methods. By comparing both the viewpoints of the supplier and public may lead to different decision making on choice of car to be own in future. Research Limitation The limitation of the research will be focus mostly on the Malaysian viewpoint about the new concept car, Proton EMAS. A lot of problem will be face along the time doing a research. One of the obstacles for me to do this research is difficulty in finding materials about the hybrid vehicle in Malaysia. Since the concept are still new and strange to Malaysian society. So, not much of the information I got regarding this 1st concept car in Malaysia. The way I do is I try to substrate some news from the press or website. Moreover, the new Proton EMAS now still in stage of prototype and not yet can be found in the market in Malaysia. Society are also no much awareness to this type of car will be launched soon locally. So it is quite problematic to do research on this topic. Besides, the knowledge of how the vehicles hybrid system to function in reducing emission is rare and unknown for the Malaysian. That is why the question should be set according to the society common known without using heavy word or scientific term in questionnaires. Due to the difficulty in transportation problem, the survey will only conduct in University of Malaya. The population includes student, lecturers, and staffs which act as a sample of actual society in Malaysia. However, the result will only show a population size of around 100 people in UM which may be bias toward the actual condition. 1. http://green.autoblog.com/2006/06/15/capturing-the-power-of-hydraulics, Bruno V, 15 June 2006 2. http://www.autoblog.com/2006/06/26/epa-unveils-hydraulic-hybrid-ups-delivery-truck , Alex, L., 26 June 2006 Colour file location Red hybrid technology Purple wikipedia Yellow toyota vs corolla Brown hybrid performance Pink solar hybrid cell

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Fate in Oedipus the King Fate. Even the word alone is intimidating. I believe I can safely say that everyone at one point in their lives have wondered about fate. "Christian fate" is something that I have never thought of before, though it is something that I believe in with all my heart. I believe that each person has a fate in store for them. Are human lives just a predetermined course of events? The idea of destiny is one that has been written about since the beginning of time. In Sophocles' drama, Oedipus the King, fate seems to have a strong hold during the entire tale. How much of this story truly reflects reality? Where does Christianity fit into the picture of fate? These are the thoughts of the growing world around us. The thought of something predetermined for our lives is a frightening one. Put yourself in Oedipus' position. He was told he would one day kill his father and sleep with his mother. Who wouldn't try and alter their future if told such horrid news? I believe that even though this ending was always going to happen to Oedipus he still had the chance to change the outcome. This same idea is reflected in each one of our lives as well. Oedipus made decisions that led to his sad ending. God knows the ending of our lives. He knows what is in store for us. Does this mean that we have no choice or say in what happens in our lives? In my opinion, it doesn't. God knows what choices we are going to make. Like us, Oedipus had choices to make. Society often blames God for rough times in their lives, but most of the time the rough moments are results from our own bad choices. Sophocles cleverly weaves this idea into his drama. I'm not sure if Oedipus could have changed his future by holding in his temper. Thankfully, our lives are not determined by Greek gods, but by the one true God, who gives us a choice for our future. Christians, like Oedipus, know their fate. We know Jesus is preparing a place for us in heaven.

Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The

The Legacy of Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Invisible Man Science Fiction is a branch of literature that explores the possibilities of human scientific advances, especially technological ones. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (published in 1818) was a precursor of the genre which was established by Jules Verne's novels of the late 1800's. HG Wells at the turn of the twentieth century brought more scientific rigour in his works, such as The Time Machine, The Invisible Man and The War of the Worlds. Isaac Asimov and Arthur C Clarke are among the most familiar writers of science fiction of the modern era (Cambridge Encyclopaedia, 1994). However, works from an earlier time, Frankenstein, Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and H.G.Wells' The Invisible Man, have had a profound influence on thinking about science and its relationship to humanity and the world we live in. [AU1]This essay explores the cultural legacy of these three works and seeks to explain why they have been so influential. Frankenstein explores many issues related to science and humanity[AU2]. Behrendt has identified some of the themes as individual and class alienation, social conditioning, gender stereotyping, conflict between rational intellect and intuitive emotion and the revisionist Romantic view of the relation between God and humanity [AU3](1990). Alienation is seen in the fact that Frankenstein left community to do his experiments, and refused to share with others what he had found; at the same time he utterly abandoned the life that he created (Madigan 2000, cited in Penner nd). [AU4]Gender stereotyping is noted by Johnson (1987) who sees the novel as the story of a man who usurps the female role b... ...984) Science and society: A brief look at the Invisible Man. The Wellsian, 7: 19-23[AU11] Suvin, D (1991) Wells as the Turning Point of SF tradition. In J Huntington (ed) (1991). Critical essays on H.G. Wells. Boston: G.K. Hall[AU12]. US National Library of Medicine (Feb 2002) Frankenstein: Penetrating the secrets of Nature. [Online] Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/frank.birth.html [Accessed 13 June 2002] [AU1]Thesis statement [AU2]Topic sentence [AU3]Year of pub put here to mark off Behrendt from next reference [AU4] Content-prominent reference because it is not controversial [AU5]Author-prominent because it is an opinion. [AU6]Topic sentence [AU7]Direct quotation [AU8]Link with preceding paragraph [AU9]Conclusion [AU10]Chapter in book edited by two authors [AU11]Journal article [AU12]Chapter in book edited by one author

How to be successful person?

Nowadays, there are many successful athletes, who dedicated their lives to be healthy, because inâ€Å"A Healthy Mind In a Healthy Bodyâ€Å". We all know that sports play an important role in our life, but to become a true sportsman one should possess the quality of head an heart We should take athletes as example for us, because of their courage and ambitions.. One of the most important quality of a sportsman is sportsman ship. Sportsman ship means the true spirit of taking part in sports. A sportsman should never use unfair means for personal gain.Sportsmen should strongly avert on eating fast food because fast food contains excess amount of fat and salt which is unfavourable and an obstacle to becoming a successful sportsman. An excellent sportsman incorporates many traits such as powerful physique, keen senses, discipline, calm and yet gregarious and outgoing. Enough sleep and rest is also a major requisite for becoming a successful sportsman. A sportsman also should have fore sight quick thinking, especially during the team play, for example football.As for me, becoming a successful sportsman just requires integrity and perseverance. If you want to be successful person in your live, you should have some important qualities in your character. In the world there are many successful persons in different area. For example, Margaret Thatcher was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. She was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th century and is the only woman to have held the office.Margaret Thatcher was hard-working person, who very want to achieve her aim in life. No doubt, that in her character was qualities as determination, diplomacy, foresight, discipline. If you want to achieve success how Margaret Thatcher, you should also have quick thinking, power of persuasion. Another key to be success is in good education. If you study hard, you receive great result and big intellect, which help you have everything, that you want.