Essay Treeclimbing

Essay TreeclimbingA student sample essay treeclimbing or any term paper should be done in a neat, but effective manner. Student paper writing should be written in a systematic manner. Every detail should be thoroughly studied and researched before committing to a single word. There are several ways of choosing essay topics, which are flexible, but not creative.Writing is an activity to always give the student an opportunity to reflect, express his thinking, experience and imagination. Sometimes, with the help of a student writing to top paper, some good ideas are formulated for use for the future.An essay treeclimbing can be achieved by visiting the library and picking up an essay. There are many interesting topics that can be read from books and online sources. However, this is a temporary solution as the student has to solve problems such as editing, sentences, grammar, as well as writing.A student sample essay treeclimbing depends on the student writing style. It should be written in such a way that it can stand apart from all other writing. The writer must be well organized so that the ideas are introduced at the correct time. As students grow, they become more efficient in their writing skill, however they cannot give credit to the best writers in the world.There are several excellent writers who have impressed many students, but there are also some critics who can knock down the reputation of a writer. Thus, a good writer should not just rely on such judges but also go and interview the writer or to have the student write the whole essay by himself. The writers can teach how to write the best essay. Therefore, there are many tips for essay writing in this case.First, try to compose a detailed outline of the specific essay, which is the first step towards composing an attractive essay. Second, set a timetable for doing the essay; as soon as it has been prepared, the deadline to submit it can be set. Third, make sure that the essay is free from grammatical errors, as it will appear for good if it is complete and error free. Fourth, always spell check the essay before submitting it.The main point of the composition is to draw attention to the main point. It is crucial that the writer goes through the entire writing process carefully. This will help in controlling the flow of thoughts and planning the theme in a logical manner. This can be easily done by following the steps in this article.

Om Prakash Valmikis Jhootan free essay sample

An Untouchable’s Narrative of An Untouchables Life The name ‘Untouchable’ always brings to our mind Mulk Raj Anand’s book. But Omprakash Valmiki’s  Joothan  is written from the personal experiences of dalit who rises to prominence from his marginalized presence. Omprakash Valmiki’s voice is today recognized as an empowered voice of a writer who   works   on behalf of Dalits. Himself born in a desperately poor family in North India, the lowest caste in Indian society, a community of the illiteratre Untouchables , he describes from his personal experiences the torments of the Dalits who even have no right to fight for education or food. He describes how these people are subject to an institutionalized slavery. The highest purpose of Dalit writing is not beauty of craft, but authenticity of experience. Omprakash gives us an anatomy of oppression. Most significantly, though, Valmikis story is a voice from the half of India that has been voiceless for countless generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Om Prakash Valmikis Jhootan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Valmiki and a few others like him have breached an opening for our understanding and knowledge about a people so marginalized that they disappeared from the worlds awareness, their cultures, lifestyles, folk knowledge, and aspirations represented nowhere in mainstream or scholarly sources. Joothan  by by Omprakash Valmiki is   one such work of Dalit literature, first published in Hindi in 1997 and translated into English by Arun Prabha Mukherjee in 2003. Arun Prabha Mukherjee, a professor of English at York University in Canada b did a great job by making the work available to a wider audience, She has   illuminated the book with her thoughtful and insightful foreword. Dalits today constitute about one sixth of Indias population. Spread over the entire country, speaking many languages, and belonging to many religions, they have become a major political force. Jhootan   is a memoir of growing up ‘untouchable’ starting in the 1950s outside a typical village in Uttar Pradesh. Joothan literally means scraps of food left on a plate, destined for the garbage or for the family pet in a middle-class urban home. It is related to the word jootha, which means polluted, and such scraps are characterized as joothan only if someone else eats them. Indias untouchables have been forced to accept and eat joothan for their subsistence for centuries. The word encapsulates the pain, humiliation, and poverty of this community, which has lived at the bottom of Indias social pyramid for millennia. Viramma is an agricultural worker and midwife in Karani, a village near Pondicherry in southeast India. Viramma is a member of the caste called Untouchable. Of her 12 children, only three survive. Virammas storytold over the course of 10 yearsis a vivid portrayal of a proud and expressive woman living at the margins of society. Basically the focus is on untouchability which was abolished in 1949 only in paper. For decades after that, the dalits continued to face discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, and ridicule. Valmiki shares his heroic struggle to survive a preordained life of perpetual physical and mental persecution and his transformation into a speaking subject under the influence of the great Dalit political leader, B. R. Ambedkar. A document of the long-silenced and long-denied sufferings of the Dalits, Joothan is a major contribution to the archives of Dalit history . Told as a series of piercing vignettes,  Joothan  is also a remarkable record of a rare Indian journey, one that took a boy from extremely wretched socioeconomic conditions to prominence. It is a rare glimpse into that other history of India , of marginalized section of people about whom few talks and almost nobody writes. Omprakash Valmiki describes his life as an untouchable, or Dalit, in the newly independent India of the 1950s.. As a document of the long silenced and long denied sufferings of the Dalits,  Joothan  is not only a contribution to the archives of Dalit history, but a manifesto for the revolutionary transformation of society and human consciousness. Valmiki was born into the Chuhra caste (aka Bhangi)   whose ordained job   it was to sweep the roads, clean the cattle barns, get shift off the floor, dispose of dead animals, work the fields   during harvests, and perform other physical labour for upper caste people , including the Tyagi Brahmins who called out not by their names but as ‘ou chuhre’ or ‘abey chuhre’ which reflects disdain and hate. They could touch cows and even stray dogs, but not the Chuhra people who were forced to live outside the village reserved for upper caste people. Untouchable  is Mulk Raj Anands first novel and it brought to him immense popularity and prestige. This novel shows the realistic picture of society. In this novel Anand has portrayed a picture of untouchable who is sweeper boy. This character is the representative of all down trodden society in pre-independence of India. The protagonist of this novel is the figure of suffering because of his caste. With Bakha, the central character, there are other characters who also suffer because of their lower caste. They live in mud-walled cottages huddled colony in which people are scavengers, the leather-workers, the washer men, the barbers, the water-carriers, the grass-cutters and other outcastes. The lower castes people are suffering because they are by birth outcaste. But Mulk Raj Anand had depicted the hypocrisy of the upper caste people that men like Pt. Kali Nath enjoy the touch of the Harijan girls. Mulk Raj Anand exposes all this hypocrisy and double standard or double dealing. In this novel Bakha is a universal figure to show the oppression, injustice, humiliation to the whole community of the outcastes in India. Bakha symbolizes the exploitation and oppression which has been the fate of untouchables like him. His anguish and humiliation are not of his alone, but the suffering of whole outcastes and underdogs. Untouchable  shows the evil of untouchability in Hindu Society The novels emphasis on an individuals attempt to emancipate himself from the age old evil of untouchability. Anand is here, concerned with evils of untouchability and the need for radical empathy. He describes the pathetic conditions of the untouchables through the character Bakha, their immitigable hardships and physical and mental agonies almost with the meticulous skill of historical raconteur. In the words of Marlene Fisher:â€Å"Anands first novel, then, is at one and the same time a fine piece of  creative work in terms of its own artistic integrity and an indication of it authors humanistic commitments and future novelistic directions. But  Jhootan  of Omprakash is a novel of the untouchable , by the untouchable and yet not merely for the untouchable but for everyone’s   reading. Omprakash’s narrative voice in  Jhootan  Ã‚  brims with a quiet sense of outrage at what he had to endure as a human. We can see his memoir as a form of Satyagraha . The book veritably   becomes ‘the axe for the frozen sea inside us. ’ More Indians ought to read  J hootan  Ã‚  and let its sharp edges get to operate   inside them.

The Association Against a Womans Right to Vote

The Association Against a Woman's Right to Vote At the end of the nineteenth century, Massachusetts was one of the most populous states and was from the beginning of the woman suffrage movement a center of activity for pro-suffrage activism.  In the 1880s, activists opposed to women voting organized, and formed the Massachusetts Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women.  This was the beginning of the fight against a womans right to vote. From State Groups to a National Association The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) evolved from many state anti-suffrage organizations.  In 1911, they met at a convention in New York and created this national organization to be active on both a state and federal level. Arthur (Josephine) Dodge was the first president and is often considered the founder.  (Dodge had formerly worked to establish day care centers for working mothers.) The organization was heavily funded by brewers and distillers (who assumed that if women got the vote, temperance laws would be passed). The organization was also supported by Southern politicians, nervous that African American women would also get the vote, and by big-city machine politicians. Both men and women belonged to and were active in the  National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. State chapters grew and expanded.  In Georgia, a state chapter was founded in 1895 and in three months had 10 branches and 2,000 members. Rebecca Latimer Felton was among those who spoke against suffrage in the state legislature, resulting in the defeat of a suffrage resolution by five to two.  In 1922, two years after the woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution was ratified, Rebecca Latimer Felton became the first woman Senator in the United States Congress, appointed briefly as a courtesy appointment. After the Nineteenth Amendment In 1918, the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage moved to Washington, DC, in order to focus on opposition to the national suffrage amendment. The organization disbanded after the Nineteenth Amendment, given women an equal right to vote, passed in 1920. Despite the victory for women, the NAOWS official newspaper,  Woman Patriot (formerly known as Womans Protest), continued into the 1920s, taking positions against womens rights. Various NAOWS Arguments Against Woman Sufferage Arguments used against the vote for women included: Women didnt want to vote.The public sphere was not the right place for women.Women voting wouldnt add anything of value since it would simply double the number of voters but not substantively change the outcome of elections - so adding women to the voting roles would waste time, energy and money, without result.Women didnt have time to vote or engage in politics.Women didnt have the mental aptitude to form informed political opinions.Women would be even more susceptible to pressure from emotional please.Women voting would overturn the proper power relationship between men and women.Women voting would corrupt women by their involvement in politics.States where women had already gained the vote had shown no increase in morality in politics.Women had an influence on the vote through raising their sons to vote.Women gaining the vote in the South would put more pressure on states to permit African American women to vote, and might lead to demolishing such rules as literacy tests, propert y qualifications, and poll taxes which kept most African American men from voting. Pamphlet Against Woman Suffrage An early pamphlet listed these reasons to oppose woman suffrage: BECAUSE 90% of the women either do not want it, or do not care.BECAUSE it means competition of women with men instead of co-operation.BECAUSE 80% of the women eligible to vote are married and can only double or annul their husbands votes.BECAUSE it can be of no benefit commensurate with the additional expense involved.BECAUSE in some States more voting women than voting men will place the Government under petticoat rule.BECAUSE it is unwise to risk the good we already have for the evil which may occur. The pamphlet also advised women on housekeeping tips and cleaning methods, and included the advice that  you do not need a ballot to clean out your sink spout and good cooking lessens alcoholic craving quicker than a vote. In a satirical response to these sentiments, Alice Duer Miller wrote Our Own Twelve Anti-suffragist Reasons (circa 1915).

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Corporate Ethics in relation Case Study

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Corporate Ethics in relation to an Australian manufacturing company - Case Study Example The corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the responsibility which involves an organization for continuous commitment of the ethical behavior to the society. It helps to improve the standard and the quality of life of the employees as well as the life of the society and the local communities (Zimmerli & et. al., 2007). The prime objective of this study is to highlight the various importances of corporate ethics and CSR and the usefulness of these two practices while deciding the global outsourcing of an Australian company with proposed recommendation and conclusion for the overall discussion. Critical Analysis of Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Ethics Corporate ethics involves the ethical principles of the management as well as of the mangers to persuade them to be translucent in business transactions. Business ethics considers the customer’s feelings regarding planning out the goods and the services provided to the customers. Corporate ethics also con siders the stakeholder’s interests to the business. Corporate ethics is one of the most important activities in every organization, especially in relation with the customers and their idea about consumerism. Consumerism refers to the term which describes the rights of the consumers and the legal concerns. Corporate ethics is an evaluation and a study conducted by a business to make decisions in relation to the judgments and the moral concepts. Corporate ethics involves the organization’s responsibilities towards their customers, the commitment to be honest towards the customers. It also involves the responsibility of the company to conserve the nature and the environment. Corporate ethics also involves the protection of the rights... From the study the main idea has been developed regarding the corporate ethics and the responsibilities of a corporation towards the society. The key findings to be considered by the Australian company are type of the market while entering the global territory, the people of that region, and the environment of the particular country. The other findings to be considered by the company are the various laws and regulations of the other countries, the legal formalities, the consumerism factor and the quality product manufacturing. The Australian company can easily spread the business in global market by considering all these CSR issues and various corporate ethics. The prime objective of this study is to highlight the various importances of corporate ethics and CSR and the usefulness of these two practices while deciding the global outsourcing of an Australian company with proposed recommendation and conclusion for the overall discussion. In relation to the study, conclusively, it can be stated that the corporate ethics is the process of valuing the rights and the moral of the people related to the corporate. Corporate ethics is the responsibility of the corporations towards their employees, workers as well as towards their customers and stakeholders. The approach taken by companies under the purview of corporate ethics is known as corporate social responsibility. In CSR, the companies function to provide the society certain values and they show the concern towards the society and environment being responsible towards the nature.

Stand-up comedy in the middle east via youtube Article

Stand-up comedy in the middle east via youtube - Article Example New comedy performers with a different approach overrun 1960s and 70s. The new comedy was subversive, with a strong message. Comedy in those years used political and topical content to raise social questions, opinions and change the publics thinking. A 27-year-old Saudi comedian and a YouTube personality Fahad Al-Butairi, who was the first Saudi stand-up comedian to appear on stage professionally, started a YouTube channel that got so famous with many Arabs describing him as Seinfeld of Saudi Arabia. Al-Butairi started his comedy career when he was in middle school and used to perform in theater plays and in summer camps and centers in Saudi Arabia and other areas. In 2006, while studying in the US, Fahad Al-Butairi decided to try out at an open mike nights at the local comedy club in Austin where he was living basing his jokes on his personal experience, this was a success. When Fahad Al-Butairi moved back to the Saudi Arabia and got busy with his job, he heard about a comedy event in Bahrain where he performed in front of 2,000 people, this was also an instant success. The YouTube show, which he started on 2010, became his main claim to fame. It is called it â€Å"La Ykthar,† which is Arabic for â€Å"Shut up and don’t overdo it.† The show discusses Saudi Arabia’s social and political topics. It has grown in popularity with each monthly episode. Statistics show that, Al-Butairi now has over 909,000 followers on Twitter, over 488,893 subscribers on YouTube and his videos have reached 62,293,268 views. Dignitary Obeidallah, a New Jersey-conceived, Palestinian-American humorist, studies the crowd before him at Al Hussein Cultural Center. For this opening night at the first-ever Amman Stand Up Comedy Festival, Obeidallah the ever busy standup comedian is scheduled to perform a set. The entertainment events will be no different from on any other night, but tonight’s show marks the first ever comedy

Environmentally Friendly Concrete Alternative

Environmentally Friendly Concrete Alternative Throughout history, the use of concrete as a building material has contributed significantly to the built environment. Enduring examples of various forms of concrete can be found as far back as the early Egyptian civilisation. Significant building remnants still exist from the Roman civilization, which used concretes made from naturally occurring volcanic ash pozzolans, mixed with water, sand and stone. Now concrete is being used in the construction of durable bridges, roads, water supply, hospitals, churches, houses and commercial buildings, to give people a social foundation, a thriving economy, and serviceable facilities for many years. In the modern era, the properties of concrete were refined in the late 1800s, with the introduction of a patented manufacturing process for portland cement. While it has ancient roots, concrete, as we know it today, is a modern and highly advanced building material. In the last 150 years, concrete has become one of the most widely used building mat erials on earth. Problem Statement Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. However, the  production of portland cement, an essential material in concrete, leads to the release of significant amount of CO2, a greenhouse gas. One ton of portland cement clinker production is said to creates approximately one ton of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Environmental issues are playing an important role in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry. For example, if we run out of limestone, as it is predicted to happen in some places, then we cannot produce portland cement; and, therefore, we cannot produce concrete and all the employment associated with the concrete industry goes out-of-business. A sustainable concrete structure is one that is constructed so that the total environmental impact during its entire life cycle is minimal. Concrete is a sustainable material because it has a very low inherent energy requirement and is produced to order as needed with very lit tle waste. It is made from some of the most plentiful resources on earth and has a very high thermal mass. It can be made with recycled materials and is completely recyclable. Sustainable design and construction of structures have a small impact on the environment. Use of green materials embodies low energy costs. Their use must have high durability and low maintenance leading to sustainable construction materials. High performance cements and concrete can reduce the amount of cementitious materials and total volume of concrete required. Concrete must keep evolving to satisfy the increasing demands of all its users. Reuse of post-consumer wastes and industrial byproducts in concrete is necessary to produce even greener concrete. Greener concrete also improves air quality, minimizes solid wastes, and leads to sustainable cement and concrete industry. What is Sustainable Concrete? Concrete is a very environmentally friendly material. Concrete has been used for over 2,000 years. Concrete is best known for its long-lasting and dependable nature. However, additional ways that concrete contributes to social progress, economic growth, and environmental protection are often overlooked. Concrete structures are superior in energy performance. They provide flexibility in design as well as affordability, and are environmentally more responsible than steel or aluminum structures. Entire geographical regions are running out of limestone resource to produce cement. Major metropolitan areas are running out of sources of aggregates for making concrete. Sustainability requires that engineers consider a buildings lifecycle cost extended over the useful lifetime. This includes the building construction, maintenance, demolition, and recycling [ACI 2004]. A sustainable concrete structure is one that is constructed so that the total societal impact during its entire life cycle, including during its use, is minimal. Designing for sustainability means accounting in the design and also the short-term and long-term consequences of the societal impact. Therefore, durability is the key issue. New generation of admixtures/additives are needed to improve durability. To build in a sustainable manner and conduct scheduled appropriate building maintenance are the keys that represent the new construction ideology of this generation. In particular, to build in a sustainable manner means to focus attention on physical, environmental, and technological resources, problems related to human health, energy conservation of new and existing buildings, and control of construction technologies and methods. Environmental Issues with Concrete The production of portland cement releases CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Total CO2 emissions worldwide were 21 billion tons in 2002, Table 1. Environmental issues associated with the CO2 emissions from the production of portland cement, energy demand (six-million BTU of energy needed per ton of cement production), resource conservation consideration, and economic impact due to the high cost of portland cement manufacturing plants demand that supplementary cementing materials in general and fly ash in particular be used in increasing quantities to replace portland cement in concrete [Malhotra 1997, 2004]. Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion of pulverized coal in thermal power plants. The dust collection system removes the fly ash, as a fine particulate residue from the combustion gases before they are discharged in the atmosphere. For each ton of portland cement clinker, 3 to 20 lbs. of NOx are released into the atmosphere. In 2000, the worldwide cement clinker production was approximately 1.6 billion tons [Malhotra 2004]. Longer lasting concrete structures reduce energy needs for maintenance and reconstruction. Concr ete is a locally available material; therefore, transportation cost to the project site is reduced. Light colored concrete walls reduce interior lighting requirements. Permeable concrete pavement and interlocking concrete pavers can be used to reduce runoff and allow water to return to the water table. Therefore, concrete is, in many ways, environmentally friendly material. As good engineers, we must use more of it [Malhotra 2004]. In view of the energy and greenhouse gas emission concerns in the manufacturing of Portland cement, it is imperative that either new environmentally friendly cement-manufacturing technologies be developed or substitute materials be found to replace a major part of the portland cement for use in the concrete industry [Malhotra 2004]. Energy consumption is the biggest environmental concern with cement and concrete production. Cement production is one of the most energy intensive of all industrial manufacturing processes. Including direct fuel use for mining and transporting raw materials, cement production takes about six million BTUs for every ton of cement. The industrys heavy reliance on coal leads to especially high emission levels of CO2, nitrous oxide, and sulphur, among other pollutants. A sizeable portion of the electricity used is also generated from coal. What types of materials are being used to make sustainable concrete? Coal combustion products (CCPs) It is important to develop recycling technology for high-volume applications of coal combustion products (CCPs) generated by using both conventional and clean-coal technologies. Many different types of CCPs are produced; for example, fly ash, bottom ash, cyclone-boiler slag, and clean coal ash. In general some of these CCPs can be used as a supplementary cementitious materials and the use of portland cement, therefore, can be reduced. The production of CCPs in USA is about 120 million tons per year in 2004. Cyclone-boiler slag is 100% recycled. Overall recycling rate of all CCPs is about 40%. Todays use of other pozzolans, such as rice-husk ash, wood ash, GGBFS, silica fume, and other similar pozzolanic materials such as volcanic ash, natural pozzolans, diatomite (diatomaceous earth), calcined clay/shale, metakaolin, very fine clean-coal ash (microash), limestone powder, and fine glass can reduce the use of manufactured portland cement, and make concrete more durable, as well as reduce GHG emissions. Chemical composition of ASTM Type I portland cement and selected pozzolans is given in Table 2. Recycled- Aggregate Concrete Recycled-aggregate concrete (RAC) for structural use can be prepared by completely substituting natural aggregate, in order to achieve the same strength class as the reference concrete, manufactured by using only natural aggregates. This is obviously a frustration, since a large stream of recycled aggregates to allow for full substitution of natural aggregates is not available. However, it is useful to prove that to manufacture structural concrete by partly substituting natural with recycled aggregates by up to fifty percent is indeed feasible. In any case, if the adoption of a very low water to cement ratio implies unsustainably high amounts of cement in the concrete mixture, recycled-aggregate concrete may also be manufactured by using a water-reducing admixture in order to lower both water and cement dosage, or even by adding fly ash as a partial fine aggregate replacement and by using a super plasticizer to achieve the required workability. High-volume fly ash recycled aggregate concrete (HVFA-RAC) can be manufactured with a water to cement ratio of 0.60, by simultaneously adding to the mixture as much fly ash as cement, and substituting the fine aggregate fraction. Thus, water to cementitious material ratio of 0.30 is obtained enabling the concrete to reach the required strength class (Table 3). This procedure is essential for designing an environmentally-friendly concrete. All the concretes can be prepared maintaining the same fluid consistency by proper addition of an appropriate class of a super plasticizer. SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE SOLUTIONS Concrete is a strong, durable, low environmental impact, building material. It is the cornerstone for building construction and infrastructure that can put future generations on the road towards a sustainable future [Cement Association of Canada 2004]. Benefits of concrete construction are many, for example [Cement Association of Canada 2004]: concrete buildings reduce maintenance and energy use; concrete highways reduce fuel consumed by heavily loaded trucks; insulating concrete homes reduce energy usage by 40% or more; fly ash, cement kiln dust, or cement-based solidification/stabilization and in-situ treatment of waste for brownfield redevelopment; and, agriculture waste containment reduces odor and prevents groundwater contamination. The concrete industry must show leadership and resolve, and make contribution to the sustainable development of the industry in the 21 century by adopting new technologies to reduce emission of the greenhousegases, and thus contribute towards mee ting the goals and objectives set at the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The manufacturing of portland cement is one such industry [Malhotra 2004]. PORTLAND CEMENT Portland cement is not environmentally very friendly material. As good engineers, we must reduce its use in concrete [Malhotra 2004]; and, we must use more blended cements, especially with chemical admixtures. Clinker production is the most energy-intensive stage in cement production, accounting for over 90% of total energy use, and virtually all of the fuel use. Processing of raw materials in large kilns produces portland cement clinker. These kiln systems evaporate the inherent water in the raw materials blended to manufacture the clinker, calcine the carbonate constituents (calcinations), and form cement minerals (clinkerization) [Worrell Galtisky 2004]. Blended cements The production of blended cements involves the intergrinding of clinker with one or more additives; e.g., fly ash,bnb granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, volcanic ash, in various proportions. The use of blended cements is a particularly attractive efficiency option since the intergrinding of clinker with other additives not only allows for a reduction in the energy used (and reduced GHG emissions) in clinker production, but also directly corresponds to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in calcinations as well. Blended cement has been used for many decades around the world [Worrell Galtisky 2004]. Concrete and the use of blended cements Although it is most common to make use of supplementary cementing materials (SCM) in the replacement of cement in the concrete mixture, blended cement is produced at the grinding stage of cement production where fly ash, blast furnace slag, or silica fume are added to the cement itself. The advantages include expanded production capacity, reduced CO2 emissions, reduced fuel consumption and close monitoring of the quality of SCMs [Cement Association of Canada 2004]. Kyoto Protocol (UN Pact of 1997, requires to reduce GHGs, including CO2). It is now ratified. USA has not ratified it. The Russian Government approval allowed it to come into force worldwide. By 2012, emissions must be cut below 1990 levels (in Japan by 6.0 + 7.6 = 13.6% by 2012) [The Daily Yomiuri 2004]. In Japan (Per) householdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5,000 yen green tax per year is planned (starting April 2005). This includes 3,600 yen in tax per ton of carbon. The revenue would be used to implement policies to achieve the requir ements of Kyoto Protocol. A survey released (on Oct. 21, 2004) showed that 61% of those polled are in favor of the environmental tax. [The Japan Times 2004]. Rate of CO2 emission and global warming is shown in Figure 1. In last 2 yrs. CO2 has increased at a higher rate than expected [Corinaldesi Moriconi 2004b]. Foundry by-products Foundry by-products include foundry sand, core butts, abrasives, and cupola slag. Cores are used in making desired cavity/shapes in a sand mold in which molten metal is cast/poured. Cores are primarily composed of silica sand with small percentages of either organic or inorganic binders. Conclusions The most important conclusion drawn appears to be that the compressive strength of the recycled aggregate concrete can be improved to equal or even exceed that of natural-aggregate concrete by adding fly ash to the mixture as a fine aggregate replacement. In this way, a given strength class value, as required for a wide range of common uses, can be reached through both natural-aggregate concrete and recycled-aggregate concrete with fly ash, by adequately decreasing the water to cement ratio with the aid of a superplasticizer in order to maintain the workability. Concrete manufactured by using recycled aggregate and fly ash shows no deleterious effect on the durability of reinforced concrete, with some improvement for some cases. From an economical point of view, if only the traditional costs are taken into account, recycledaggregate concrete with fly ash could be less attractive than natural-aggregate concrete. However, if the eco-balanced costs are considered, the exact opposite would be valid. Moreover, the fine fraction with particle size up to 5 mm, when reused as aggregate for mortars, allowed excellent bond strengths between mortar and bricks, in spite of a lower mechanical performance of the mortar itself. Also the masonry rubble can be profitably treated and reused for preparing mortars. Even for the fine fraction produced during the recycling process, that is the concrete-rubble powder, an excellent reuse was found, as filler in self-compacting concrete. The attempt to improve the quality of the recycled aggregates for new concretes by reusing in different ways the most detrimental fractions, i.e., the material coming from masonry rubble and the finest recycled materials, allowed to achieve surprising and unexpected performances for mortars and selfcompacting concretes. Other industrial wastes, such as GRP waste powder, can prove useful to be re-used in cementitious products, by improving some durability aspects. The concrete industry will be called upon to serve the two pressing needs of human society; namely, protection of the environment and meeting the infrastructural requirement for increasing industrialization and urbanization of the world. Also due to large size, the concrete industry is unquestionably the ideal medium for the economic and safe use of millions of tons of industrial byproducts such as fly ash and slag due to their highly pozzolanic and cementitious properties. It is obvious that large-scale cement replacement (60 70 %) in concrete with these industrial by-products will be advantageous from the standpoint of cost economy, energy efficiency, durability, and overall ecological profile of concrete. Therefore, in the future, the use of by-product supplementary cementing materials ought to be made mandatory [Malhotra 2004].

Business Economics – Regression Analysis

Effect of Ratio Profitability: Return on Asset (ROA) and Return of Equity (ROE) to Stock Price of PT Bank Central Asia (BCA) Tbk. Ratio profitability, Return on Asset (ROA) and Return of Equity (ROE), of a firm is used as one of parameters for investor to decide whether they want to invest or not. The following table consists of ROA and ROE as well as the stock price of PT Bank Central Asia (BCA) Tbk. , as one of the largest bank in Indonesia, from year of 2002 up to 2011. Table 1. ROA, ROE and stock price of PT Bank Central Asia Tbk. tahun 2002-2011 Year| Stock Price(Y)| ROA(X2)| ROE(X2)| 2002| 2500| 2. 17| 22. 08| 003| 3325| 2. 36| 24. 87| 2004| 2975| 3. 04| 32. 52| 2005| 3400| 3. 41| 32. 33| 2006| 5200| 3. 43| 33. 58| 2007| 7300| 1. 68| 16. 47| 2008| 5778| 3. 14| 33. 16| 2009| 5645| 3. 17| 32. 11| 2010| 4284| 3. 28| 31. 23| 2011| 3674| 2. 65| 24. 16| Using regression analysis we want to determine the relationship between ROA, ROE and stock price of PT BCA Tbk. In this case, ROA an d ROE are the independent or explanatory variable (X), while stock price is the dependent variable that we want to explain (Y). Regression Analysis SUMMARY OUTPUT| | | Regression Statistics| Multiple R| 0. 13028475| R Square| 0. 016974116| Adjusted R Square| -0. 63890422| Standard Error| 1710. 529517| Observations| 10| ANOVA| | | | | | | df| SS| MS| F| Significance F| Regression| 2| 353656. 3| 176828. 15| 0. 060435241| 0. 941840446| Residual| 7| 20481378. 6| 2925911. 229| | | Total| 9| 20835034. 9| | | | | Coefficients| Standard Error| t Stat| P-value| Lower 95%| Upper 95%| Lower 95. 0%| Upper 95. 0%| Intercept| 5361. 609293| 2796. 526605| 1. 917238793| 0. 096721961| -1251. 125335| 11974. 34392| -1251. 125335| 11974. 34392| X Variable 1| -142. 3275587| 3749. 125063| -0. 037962873| 0. 970777259| -9007. 599603| 8722. 944486| -9007. 599603| 8722. 944486| X Variable 2| -19. 7879081| 375. 1702777| -0. 051919867| 0. 960043105| -906. 6155278| 867. 6579462| -906. 6155278| 867. 6579462| From the summary output we can estimate the linear relationship between the stock price (Y) and ROA (X1), ROE (X2) in the form of equation below: Y= 5361. 6092 – 142. 3275 X1 – 19. 4788 X2 The result indicates that for each 1% decrease in ROA and ROE; the stock price decrease by IDR142. 3275 (the estimated coefficient of X1) and IDR19. 4788 (the estimated coefficient of X2) also, respectively. To understand how significant the independent variable can explain the dependent variable, we can observe from t-stat data.The critical value of t at the 0. 05 level of significance is 2. 365 (from table of the t distribution). The analysis result show that t-stat value below the critical value of t = 2. 365. It means that at the 5% level of significance, we accept there is no significant relationship between ROA, ROE and stock price. We need more variable better than just ROA and ROE to picture the movement of price stock. The two variables, ROA and ROE, are not enough to explain th e stock price of PT BCA Tbk. Now, we want to see how good is the model or how much the explanatory power of the model by looking at R2 data.R2 measures how much of the variation in the firm’s stock price is explained by the variation in its ROA and ROE. The analysis result shows that the value of R2 is 0. 016974116, extreme to 1. It means that none of the variation in stock price was explained by the variation in ROA and ROE. In conclusion, looking at the value of t-stat and R2, variable ROA and ROE is not enough to explain the movement of stock price PT BCA Tbk. We need to add more variables to get more description how the stock price change and how significant and sensitive the variables impact to stock price.